Civil Construction is a part of civil engineering that deals with planning, designing, constructing and maintaining physical structures as well as natural components. More precisely it can be described as the creation of infrastructure that involved anything to do with water, earth transport.
Major Civil Construction Projects
Residential Building- Residential building construction works include construction, remodeling, and repair/maintenance of houses, apartments, hostels, townhomes, etc that serve the purpose of housing people, supplies, or equipment. Construction of garages and sheds can also come under this category.
Commercial Building- As the name suggests these buildings include schools, hospitals, shopping centers, malls, stores, stadiums & sports arenas, skyscrapers, etc. These buildings are built as spaces to be used by certain sections of the population simultaneously and for generating revenue for a private or government client.
Heavy Construction-This type of civil construction is usually undertaken for government firms and subsidiaries. Most of the heavy civil engineering construction projects are solely constructed for public safety and assistance.
Length units are used to survey project for mesurment and implement plan from papert to real construction. followings are instruments are used for survey
Measuring Tapes, Measuring Wheel, Surveying Chains, Arrow, Peg, Ranging Rods, Offset Rods, Plumb Bob, Cross Staff, Optical, Square, Prism Square, Site Square, Tripod, Plane Table, Alidade, Plumbing Fork, Spirit Level, Trough Compass, Drawing Paper, Instruments for Direct Levelling, Distance meter, Bipod, Plumb Laser, Dumpy Level, Y Level, Reversible Level, Tilting level, Leveling Staff, Prismatic Compass, Surveyor’s Compass, Theodolite, Total Station, GPS/GNSS, 3D Scanner, Drones.
Generally Feet , Meter , Centimeter units are commonly used to mesure the length of civil construction object.
Detail of instruments are used to mesure length
Auto Level/Dumpy Level
A dumpy level, builder’s auto level, leveling instrument, or automatic level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane. It is used in surveying and building with a vertical staff to measure height differences and to transfer, measure and set heights.
Total Station
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying and building construction that uses electronic transit theodolite in connection with electronic distance meter (EDM).It is also integrated with microprocessor, electronic data collector and storage system.
Photogrammetry/Drone
Photogrammetry is the art and science of making accurate measurements by means of aerial photography:
- Analog photogrammetry (using films: hard-copy photos)
- Digital photogrammetry (digital images)
- Aerial photographs were the first form of remote sensing imagery
Types of vantage points to acquire photographs?
- Vertical vantage points
- Low-oblique vantage points
- High-oblique vantage points
Optical Square
The optical square uses a pentaprism to reflect and refract a beam or sighting 90 degrees, it is used in pairs in surveying and in a singular block in metrology
Laser Distance Meter.
Laser measurement tools are based on the principle of reflection of a laser beam. To measure a distance, the device emits a pulse of laser in the direction of an object, for example a wall. The time necessary for the laser beam to get to the object and go back determines the measurement of the distance. In consideration of the speed of light, distances can be defined precisely with this kind of laser. Laser distance meters can also accumulate independently to calculate surfaces and volumes.